Politics in India Since Independence is the Class 12 Political Science NCERT that charts the country's political journey from 1947 onward — from nation building and the dominance of the Congress through the Emergency, popular movements, and recent coalition politics. These Class 12 Political Science NCERT notes for UPSC are foundational reading for both the political and constitutional dimensions of post-independence India.

What the book covers, grouped by theme:

  • Foundations of the republic: challenges of nation building, the era of one-party dominance, and the politics of planned development.
  • Hegemony and its breakdown: challenges to and restoration of Congress hegemony, and the crisis of the democratic order during the Emergency.
  • New political forces: the rise of popular movements, regional aspirations, and recent developments in Indian politics.
  • India in the world: the trajectory of India's external relations.

For UPSC, this book underpins GS Paper 1 (post-independence consolidation) and informs GS Paper 2, in both Prelims and Mains.