BharatNotes Static GK
Gallantry Awards of India
Complete hierarchy of India's military honours — from Param Vir Chakra to Shaurya Chakra — with recipient records, eligibility rules, and UPSC exam traps.
🏅 Award Hierarchy
Core distinction: India's gallantry awards are divided into two tracks — Wartime (in the face of the enemy) and Peacetime (not necessarily facing an enemy). Both tracks have three tiers.
Wartime Gallantry Awards
Instituted 26 January 1950, backdated to 15 August 1947. Restricted to armed forces personnel — civilians are NOT eligible.
| Rank | Award | Abbreviation | Key Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (Highest) | Param Vir Chakra | PVC | Highest military honour; awarded for most conspicuous bravery in the face of the enemy |
| 2nd | Maha Vir Chakra | MVC | Second highest; for acts of pre-eminent bravery in face of enemy |
| 3rd | Vir Chakra | VrC | Third tier; for acts of bravery in the field of battle |
Peacetime Gallantry Awards
Originally instituted 4 January 1952 as Ashoka Chakra Classes I, II, III. Renamed in January 1967 to present names. Open to armed forces personnel and civilians.
| Rank | Award | Abbreviation | Key Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (Highest) | Ashoka Chakra | AC | Peacetime equivalent of PVC; civilians eligible; typically announced on Republic Day |
| 2nd | Kirti Chakra | KC | Formerly Ashoka Chakra Class II (renamed 1967) |
| 3rd | Shaurya Chakra | SC | Formerly Ashoka Chakra Class III (renamed 1967) |
Order of Wearing Precedence (Combined)
When both wartime and peacetime awards are held, the order of wearing on uniform is:
| Position | Award |
|---|---|
| 1 | Param Vir Chakra (PVC) |
| 2 | Ashoka Chakra (AC) |
| 3 | Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) |
| 4 | Kirti Chakra (KC) |
| 5 | Vir Chakra (VrC) |
| 6 | Shaurya Chakra (SC) |
Service Medals (separate category)
Instituted 26 January 1960. Awarded for gallantry or distinguished service not necessarily in the face of the enemy:
| Medal | Service | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Sena Medal | Army | Two categories: Gallantry and Devotion to Duty |
| Nau Sena Medal | Navy | Two categories: Gallantry and Devotion to Duty |
| Vayu Sena Medal | Air Force | Split into two categories in 1994 |
⭐ Param Vir Chakra — Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Instituted | 26 January 1950 (backdated to 15 August 1947) |
| Designer | Savitri Khanolkar — born Eve Yvonne Maday de Maros in Neuchâtel, Switzerland (20 July 1913); married into Indian Army; converted to Hinduism |
| Total recipients | 21 (as of April 2026; last awarded in 1999 Kargil War) |
| Posthumous awards | 14 of 21 recipients |
| Living recipients | 3 of 21 (as of April 2026) |
| Service distribution | 20 Army, 1 Air Force (Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, 1971) |
| Civilians eligible? | No — restricted to armed forces personnel only |
| First recipient | Major Somnath Sharma, 4 Kumaon Regiment — Battle of Badgam, 3 November 1947 (posthumous) |
| Last awarded | 1999 Kargil War (Captain Vikram Batra, Lt Manoj Kumar Pandey — posthumous; Gren Yogendra Singh Yadav, Rfn Sanjay Kumar — living) |
Notable coincidence: Savitri Khanolkar designed the PVC. The very first PVC was awarded to Major Somnath Sharma — whose brother was married to Khanolkar's daughter. The designer and the first recipient were thus connected by family.
🎖️ All 21 PVC Recipients
| # | Recipient | Rank at time | Conflict / Year | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Somnath Sharma | Major | Battle of Badgam, J&K, 1947 | Posthumous |
| 2 | Karam Singh | Lance Naik | Tithwal, J&K, 1947–48 | Survived (deceased) |
| 3 | Rama Raghoba Rane | 2nd Lieutenant | J&K, 1948 | Survived (deceased) |
| 4 | Jadu Nath Singh | Naik | Naushera, J&K, 1948 | Posthumous |
| 5 | Piru Singh Shekhawat | Company Havildar Major | Tithwal, J&K, 1948 | Posthumous |
| 6 | Gurbachan Singh Salaria | Captain | Elizabethville, Congo (UN), 1961 | Posthumous |
| 7 | Dhan Singh Thapa | Major | Ladakh, 1962 | Survived (deceased) |
| 8 | Joginder Singh | Subedar | NEFA, 1962 | Posthumous |
| 9 | Shaitan Singh | Major | Rezang La, 1962 | Posthumous |
| 10 | Abdul Hamid | CQMH | Assal Uttar, 1965 | Posthumous |
| 11 | Ardeshir Tarapore | Lt Col | Phillora, 1965 | Posthumous |
| 12 | Hoshiar Singh | Major | Basantar River, 1971 | Survived (deceased) |
| 13 | Albert Ekka | Lance Naik | Gangasagar, 1971 | Posthumous |
| 14 | Arun Khetarpal | 2nd Lt | Basantar River, 1971 | Posthumous |
| 15 | Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon | Flying Officer | Srinagar, 1971 (IAF) | Posthumous — sole IAF recipient |
| 16 | Ramaswamy Parameswaran | Major | Sri Lanka (IPKF), 1987 | Posthumous — sole IPKF PVC; only recipient for Sri Lanka operations |
| 17 | Bana Singh | Naib Subedar | Siachen (Op Rajiv), 1987 | Living |
| 18 | Vikram Batra | Captain | Kargil (Pt 4875), 1999 | Posthumous |
| 19 | Manoj Kumar Pandey | Lieutenant | Kargil (Khalubar), 1999 | Posthumous |
| 20 | Yogendra Singh Yadav | Grenadier | Kargil (Tiger Hill), 1999 | Living |
| 21 | Sanjay Kumar | Rifleman | Kargil (Flat Top), 1999 | Living (retired Feb 2026 as Honorary Capt) |
Living PVC holders (April 2026): Bana Singh (Siachen 1987), Yogendra Singh Yadav (Kargil 1999), Sanjay Kumar (Kargil 1999 — retired 28 February 2026 as Honorary Captain; he was the last serving PVC awardee).
🔵 Ashoka Chakra — Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Original name | Ashoka Chakra Class I (instituted 4 January 1952) |
| Renamed | January 1967; Class II → Kirti Chakra; Class III → Shaurya Chakra |
| Total recipients | ~87 (as of 2026) |
| Civilians eligible? | Yes — civilians can receive the Ashoka Chakra (unlike PVC) |
| First recipient | Havildar Bachittar Singh, Indian Army (1952) |
| Announced | Typically on Republic Day (26 January) |
| Posthumous awards? | Yes — can be awarded posthumously |
⚠️ Exam Traps & High-Yield Points
| # | Wrong belief | Correct fact |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | "PVC is higher than Bharat Ratna" | They are different categories — PVC is highest military gallantry; Bharat Ratna is highest civilian honour. PVC is worn first on uniform, but they are not comparable ranks. |
| 2 | "Civilians can win PVC" | No — PVC, MVC, VrC are restricted to armed forces personnel only. Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra CAN go to civilians. |
| 3 | "Savitri Khanolkar was Indian" | She was Swiss-born (Neuchâtel, Switzerland) — converted to Hinduism after marrying Indian Army officer Vikram Khanolkar |
| 4 | "PVC has had many Air Force recipients" | Only 1 IAF recipient ever — Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (1971, posthumous) |
| 5 | "Ashoka Chakra was always called Ashoka Chakra" | No — it was Ashoka Chakra Class I until 1967; renamed to Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra in January 1967 |
| 6 | "Wartime & peacetime awards are separate hierarchies" | They are interwoven on uniform: PVC → AC → MVC → KC → VrC → SC |
| 7 | "No PVC was awarded for UN peacekeeping" | One was — Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria received PVC (posthumous) for the Congo (UN) operation in 1961 |
| 8 | "Sena Medal is one of the six gallantry awards" | No — Sena/Nau Sena/Vayu Sena Medals are a separate category (service medals instituted 1960), not part of the six gallantry awards |
| 9 | "The last PVC was awarded in 2001" | Last PVC awarded: 1999 Kargil War (4 recipients) |
| 10 | "PVC cannot be awarded posthumously" | 14 of the 21 PVC awards were posthumous |
| 11 | "Wearing order: Bharat Ratna comes before PVC" | In uniform, PVC is worn before all other decorations, including Bharat Ratna |
| 12 | "Peacetime awards cannot go to civilians for anti-terrorism actions" | They can — the Ashoka Chakra is frequently awarded to police/paramilitary for counter-terrorism |
